Statehood, Territory, and International Spaces

????Abbreviations??


Introduction??

?Introductory Note to this Edition




Prolegomena: State, Sovereignty and Space??

A?State: The Monad of Contemporary Public International Law


B?Territory

i?The Different Components and the Characteristics of State Territory??


ii?The Legal Relationship between State and Territory: a Sampling of Theories on Territorial Sovereignty??


iii?State Succession and Territorial Changes??




Part 1?

The Technique Creation, Extinction and Modification of Title of Territorial Sovereignty?

1???The Concept of Legal Title??

A?The So-Called "Modes of Acquisition" of Title to Territory


B?Towards a New Articulation of the Concept of Title to Territorial Sovereignty


C?Strength or Relative Weight of Territorial Title: the 'Gradations' of Legal Title




2???Acquisition and Loss of Title of Territorial Sovereignty by Conventional Juridical Act: The Territorial Treaty and Its Specificities??

A?The Principle of Stability and Permanence of Borders


B?Nemo plus iuris ad alium transferre quam ipse haberet???


C?The Principle of the Relative Effect of Treaties


D?Agreements with 'Native Rulers'


E?The 'Plebiscite' as a Condition for the Validity of Territorial Change




3???Acquisition and Loss of of the Title of Territorial Sovereignty by Juridical Fact??

A?Acquiescence


B?Estoppel


C?Tacit Agreement

i?Tacit Agreement Modifying or Terminating Territorial Treaties??


ii?Tacit Agreement as an Autonomous Source of Territorial Titles??




D?Historical Consolidation of Territorial Titles or the "Complex Juridical Fact"

i?The Concept and Its Genesis??


ii?Its Tormented Jurisprudential Life??




4???The (Presumptive) Dilemma between Formal Legal Title and Effectiveness??

A?The Effective Occupation of terra nullius???


B?The Paradigms of the Antinomy Legal Title (titulus?) / Effectiveness (modus?)

i?Immemorial Possession??


ii?Disputed Possession??


iii?Usucapion in International Law: a Highly Controversial Concept??





Part 2?

Territorial Polemology Territorial Titles in Light of Anomalous, Deviant and Borderline Situations?

5???Title of Territorial Sovereignty and the Threat or Use of Force??

A?Conquest, Forcible Annexation, debellatio???


B?Illegal Territorial Situations

i?Recognition and "Adjudication" of Territories before 1945??


ii?The Invalidation of Illegal Territorial Situations and the "Adjudication" of Territories under the UN Charter (After 1945)??


iii?The Principle of the Inadmissibility of the Acquisition of Territory by Force and the Obligation of Non-recognition??




6???The Title of Territorial Sovereignty and the Principle of the Right of Peoples to Self-determination??

A?As a Basis for the Title of Territorial Sovereignty

i?The Genesis of the Principle??


ii?Strengthening of the Principle and Extension of Its Scope of Application??


iii?The Institutional Dimension: Who Makes the Determination???


iv?The Presumptive Contradiction with the Principle of ?uti Possidetis




B?Distinguished from Secession

i?Successful Violent Secessions and the Birth of New Independent States: The Exception??


ii?Unsuccessful Violent Secessions: the Rule??


iii?Two (Currently) Controversial Cases: Kosovo and Crimea??




C?A (Truly) Sui-generis Case: Palestine (1998-2012-Present Day)




7???The State in All Its States??

A?Puppet States


B?De facto? States


C?Failed or "Failing" States


D?Drowning States: Looming Deterritorialisation of Sovereignty?




Part 3?

Territorial Irenicism Specific Territorial Situations and Regimes?

8???The Pertinacious Sovereignty: Traditional Territorial Regimes??

A?Divorce between ius nudum? and exercitium iuris?, as well as between Sovereignty and Ownership

i?Divorce between Sovereignty and Its Exercise??


ii?Sovereignty and Ownership Rights??




B?Servitudes in International Law (Article 12 (1) vcss 1978)


C?Objective Territorial Regimes (Article 12 (2) vcss 1978)


D?Condominium? and Coimperium???


E?Spheres of Influence


F?Peaceful Occupation


G?International Protectorates

i?Notion??


ii?Forms??


iii?Some Specific Features??




H?Neutralised or Demilitarised Territories

i?Demilitarisation of Territories??


ii?Neutralisation of States or Parts of their Territories??




9???The Deterritorialisation of Space: Indirect and Direct International Administrations??

A?The League of Nations Mandate System

i?Origins, Concepts and Purposes??


ii?Typology of Mandates and Supervisory System??


iii?Travaux Pr?e?paratoires??


iv?The Juridical Context??


v?International and Municipal Case Law??




B?Trusteeship System of the United Nations

i?The Succession of Mandates within the United Nations International Trusteeship Administration??


ii?Affinities and Differences with the International Trusteeship Administration Established by the UN Charter??


iii?The Legacy of the Mandate System in the UN Trusteeship Administration??




C?International Cities and Territories

i?The Free City of Danzig??


ii?The Tangier International Zone??


iii?The Memel Territory??




10???The Direct International Administration of Territories??

A?Within the League of Nations

i?The Saar Territory Governing Commission and Its Sequel after ?wwii???


ii?The Leticia Administration Commission (1933-1934)??




B?Direct International Administration by the UN: a Very Brief Sampling




?Index??

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• Direito internacional , território e soberania